The isotropic correlation function of plane figures: the triangle case

The knowledge of the isotropic correlation function of a plane figure is useful to determine the correlation function of the cylinders having the plane figure as right-section and a given height as well as to analyze the out of plane intensity collected in grazing incidence small-angle scattering from a film formed by a particulate collection of these cylinders. The correlation function of plane polygons can always be determined in closed algebraic form. Here we report its analytic expression for the case of a triangle. The expressions take four different forms that depend on the relative order among the sides and the heights of the triangle.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

InN Island shape and its dependence on growth condition of molecular-beam epitaxy

The three-dimensional (3D) island shapes of the InN and its dependence on growth conditions of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) were analyzed. The islands were dislocated and the strain in an island depended on its size. The pillar-shaped islands with low aspect ratios represented the equilibrium shape, and the pyrimidal islands with higher aspect ratios were limited by kinetics during MBE growth. The decreasing trend of island aspect ratio with respect to island size was attributed to gradual relaxation of residual strain in dislocated islands.published_or_final_versio

Scaling of three-dimensional InN islands grown on GaN(0001) by molecular-beam epitaxy

The scaling property of three-dimensional InN islands nucleated on GaN(0001) surface during molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is investigated. Due to the large lattice mismatch between InN and GaN (∼10%), the islands formed from the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode are dislocated. Despite the variations in (residual) strain and the shape, both the island size and pair separation distributions show the scaling behavior. Further, the size distribution resembles that for submonolayer homoepitaxy with the critical island size i = 1, suggesting that detachment of atoms is not significant. The above results also indicate strain is insignificant in determining the nucleation and growth of dislocated islands during heteroepitaxy by MBE.published_or_final_versio

The Nucleosome Assembly Protein TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of NMDA Receptor Subunits GluN2A and GluN2B

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Justice at Sea: Fishers’ politics and marine conservation in coastal Odisha, India

This is a paper about the politics of fishing rights in and around the Gahirmatha marine sanctuary in coastal Odisha, in eastern India. Claims to the resources of this sanctuary are politicised through the creation of a particularly damaging narrative by influential Odiya environmental actors about Bengalis, as illegal immigrants who have hurt the ecosystem through their fishing practices. Anchored within a theoretical framework of justice as recognition, the paper considers the making of a regional Odiya environmentalism that is, potentially, deeply exclusionary. It details how an argument about ‘illegal Bengalis’ depriving ‘indigenous Odiyas’ of their legitimate ‘traditional fishing rights’ derives from particular notions of indigeneity and territory. But the paper also shows that such environmentalism is tenuous, and fits uneasily with the everyday social landscape of fishing in coastal Odisha. It concludes that a wider class conflict between small fishers and the state over a sanctuary sets the context in which questions about legitimate resource rights are raised, sometimes with important effects, like when out at sea

Polycation-π Interactions Are a Driving Force for Molecular Recognition by an Intrinsically Disordered Oncoprotein Family

Molecular recognition by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) commonly involves specific localized contacts and target-induced disorder to order transitions. However, some IDPs remain disordered in the bound state, a phenomenon coined "fuzziness", often characterized by IDP polyvalency, sequence-insensitivity and a dynamic ensemble of disordered bound-state conformations. Besides the above general features, specific biophysical models for fuzzy interactions are mostly lacking. The transcriptional activation domain of the Ewing's Sarcoma oncoprotein family (EAD) is an IDP that exhibits many features of fuzziness, with multiple EAD aromatic side chains driving molecular recognition. Considering the prevalent role of cation-π interactions at various protein-protein interfaces, we hypothesized that EAD-target binding involves polycation- π contacts between a disordered EAD and basic residues on the target. Herein we evaluated the polycation-π hypothesis via functional and theoretical interrogation of EAD variants. The experimental effects of a range of EAD sequence variations, including aromatic number, aromatic density and charge perturbations, all support the cation-π model. Moreover, the activity trends observed are well captured by a coarse-grained EAD chain model and a corresponding analytical model based on interaction between EAD aromatics and surface cations of a generic globular target. EAD-target binding, in the context of pathological Ewing's Sarcoma oncoproteins, is thus seen to be driven by a balance between EAD conformational entropy and favorable EAD-target cation-π contacts. Such a highly versatile mode of molecular recognition offers a general conceptual framework for promiscuous target recognition by polyvalent IDPs. © 2013 Song et al

Characteristics of a population-based multiple sclerosis cohort treated with disease-modifying drugs in a universal healthcare setting

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the use of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) in the population-based universal healthcare setting. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of a population-based cohort with MS and their DMD exposure in four Canadian provinces. METHODS: We identified all adults (aged ≥18 years) with MS using linked population-based health administrative data. Individuals were followed from the most recent of their first MS or demyelinating event or 1 January 1996(study entry), to the earliest of death, emigration, or 31 March 2018(study end). Cohort characteristics examined included sex, age, socioeconomic status, and comorbidity burden. RESULTS: Overall, 10,418/35,894 (29%) of MS cases filled a DMD prescription during the 22-year study period. Most were women (n = 7,683/10,418;74%), and 17% (n = 1,745/10,418) had some comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index≥1) at study entry. Nearly 20% (n = 1,745/10,418) were aged ≥50 when filling their first DMD; the mean age was 39.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 1 in 6 people with MS had at least some comorbidity, and nearly 1 in 6 were ≥50 years old at the time of their first DMD. As these individuals are typically excluded from clinical trials, findings illustrate the need to understand the harms and benefits of DMD use in these understudied groups

Emergence of CD26+ cancer stem cells with metastatic properties in colorectal carcinogenesis

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Exponential modulation integral observer for online detection of the fundamental and harmonics in grid-connected power electronics equipment

Harmonic current estimation is required in active power filters for compensation purposes. The most efficient way of calculating the total harmonic current up to the infinite order is to subtract the fundamental component from the distorted current. Direct determination of the fundamental component of a distorted current of mains frequency was realized recently with a third-order modulation integral observer. This article shows that using an exponential modulation function (Exp-MF) for the integral observer will: 1) significantly enhance the robustness of the observer against noise and 2) automatically remove the low-frequency envelope arising from the D/A and A/C sampling processes compared to previous polynomial modulation function. These new and advantageous features are supported with detailed analysis and experimental verification. The robust observer can be implemented in grid-connected power electronics circuits that require the instantaneous information of the fundamental and/or harmonic currents. Practical comparative tests with the adaptive notch filter and recursive discrete Fourier transform (DFT) methods in an active power filter have confirmed the good performance under both the steady and dynamic states of the proposed Exp-MF integral observer